Document
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
|
| |
x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017
or
|
| |
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from _________ to _________
Commission file number 001-36180
CHEGG, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
|
| | |
Delaware | | 20-3237489 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
3990 Freedom Circle
Santa Clara, CA, 95054
(Address of principal executive offices)
(408) 855-5700
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
| |
• | Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨ |
| |
• | Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨ |
| |
• | Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. |
|
| |
Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer x |
Non-accelerated filer ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company ¨ |
Emerging growth company x | |
| |
• | If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x |
| |
• | Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x |
| |
• | As of October 27, 2017, the Registrant had 108,441,709 outstanding shares of Common Stock. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unless the context requires otherwise, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company,” and “Chegg” refer to Chegg, Inc. and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.
“Chegg,” “Chegg.com,” “Chegg Study,” “Chegg for Good,” “Student Hub,” “internships.com,” “Research Ready,” “EasyBib” and “#1 In Textbook Rentals,” are some of our trademarks used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Solely for convenience, our trademarks, trade names, and service marks referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q appear without the ®, ™ and SM symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks and trade names. Other trademarks appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective holders.
NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “project,” “endeavor,” “expect,” “plans to,” “if,” “future,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
CHEGG, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except for number of shares and par value)
|
| | | | | | | |
| September 30, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
Assets | (unaudited) | | * |
Current assets | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 122,227 |
| | $ | 77,329 |
|
Short-term investments | 80,914 |
| | — |
|
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $267 and $436 at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively | 9,843 |
| | 10,451 |
|
Prepaid expenses | 3,865 |
| | 2,579 |
|
Other current assets | 23,955 |
| | 21,014 |
|
Total current assets | 240,804 |
| | 111,373 |
|
Long-term investments | 17,013 |
| | — |
|
Textbook library, net | — |
| | 2,575 |
|
Property and equipment, net | 45,078 |
| | 35,305 |
|
Goodwill | 116,239 |
| | 116,239 |
|
Intangible assets, net | 16,599 |
| | 20,748 |
|
Other assets | 4,419 |
| | 4,412 |
|
Total assets | $ | 440,152 |
| | $ | 290,652 |
|
Liabilities and stockholders' equity | | | |
Current liabilities | | | |
Accounts payable | $ | 2,109 |
| | $ | 5,175 |
|
Deferred revenue | 21,906 |
| | 14,836 |
|
Accrued liabilities | 41,940 |
| | 44,319 |
|
Total current liabilities | 65,955 |
| | 64,330 |
|
Long-term liabilities | | | |
Total other long-term liabilities | 5,243 |
| | 4,383 |
|
Total liabilities | 71,198 |
| | 68,713 |
|
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |
| |
|
Stockholders' equity: | | | |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value – 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding | — |
| | — |
|
Common stock, $0.001 par value – 400,000,000 shares authorized; 108,163,229 and 91,708,839 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively | 108 |
| | 92 |
|
Additional paid-in capital | 764,097 |
| | 593,351 |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 19 |
| | (176 | ) |
Accumulated deficit | (395,270 | ) | | (371,328 | ) |
Total stockholders' equity | 368,954 |
| | 221,939 |
|
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 440,152 |
| | $ | 290,652 |
|
* Derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016.
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
CHEGG, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Net revenues: | | | | | | | |
Rental | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,511 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 32,081 |
|
Services | 62,640 |
| | 50,265 |
| | 181,559 |
| | 127,812 |
|
Sales | — |
| | 15,567 |
| | — |
| | 31,140 |
|
Total net revenues | 62,640 |
| | 71,343 |
| | 181,559 |
| | 191,033 |
|
Cost of revenues: | | | | | | | |
Rental | — |
| | 7,646 |
| | — |
| | 26,505 |
|
Services | 22,356 |
| | 13,203 |
| | 60,794 |
| | 39,684 |
|
Sales | — |
| | 17,850 |
| | — |
| | 32,840 |
|
Total cost of revenues | 22,356 |
| | 38,699 |
| | 60,794 |
| | 99,029 |
|
Gross profit | 40,284 |
| | 32,644 |
| | 120,765 |
| | 92,004 |
|
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | |
Technology and development | 19,876 |
| | 16,241 |
| | 59,077 |
| | 49,232 |
|
Sales and marketing | 14,184 |
| | 15,256 |
| | 40,246 |
| | 41,449 |
|
General and administrative | 17,320 |
| | 13,905 |
| | 47,163 |
| | 41,140 |
|
Restructuring charges (credits) | 64 |
| | (100 | ) | | 1,023 |
| | (298 | ) |
Loss (gain) on liquidation of textbooks | — |
| | 2,673 |
| | (4,766 | ) | | (523 | ) |
Total operating expenses | 51,444 |
| | 47,975 |
| | 142,743 |
| | 131,000 |
|
Loss from operations | (11,160 | ) | | (15,331 | ) | | (21,978 | ) | | (38,996 | ) |
Interest expense and other income (expense), net: | | | | | | | |
Interest expense, net | (19 | ) | | (30 | ) | | (56 | ) | | (151 | ) |
Other income (expense), net | 261 |
| | (148 | ) | | 53 |
| | (146 | ) |
Total interest expense and other income (expense), net | 242 |
| | (178 | ) | | (3 | ) | | (297 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | (10,918 | ) | | (15,509 | ) | | (21,981 | ) | | (39,293 | ) |
Provision for income taxes | 598 |
| | 554 |
| | 1,961 |
| | 1,463 |
|
Net loss | $ | (11,516 | ) | | $ | (16,063 | ) | | $ | (23,942 | ) | | $ | (40,756 | ) |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.11 | ) | | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.25 | ) | | $ | (0.45 | ) |
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted | 103,041 |
| | 91,059 |
| | 97,008 |
| | 90,201 |
|
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
CHEGG, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Net loss | $ | (11,516 | ) | | $ | (16,063 | ) | | $ | (23,942 | ) | | $ | (40,756 | ) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: | | | | | | | |
Change in unrealized (loss) gain on available for sale investments | (48 | ) | | — |
| | (48 | ) | | 25 |
|
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax | (9 | ) | | 35 |
| | 243 |
| | (1 | ) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income | (57 | ) | | 35 |
| | 195 |
| | 24 |
|
Total comprehensive loss | $ | (11,573 | ) | | $ | (16,028 | ) | | $ | (23,747 | ) | | $ | (40,732 | ) |
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
CHEGG, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
|
| | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Cash flows from operating activities | | | |
Net loss | $ | (23,942 | ) | | $ | (40,756 | ) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | |
Textbook library depreciation expense | — |
| | 8,903 |
|
Other depreciation and amortization expense | 14,301 |
| | 10,001 |
|
Share-based compensation expense | 27,468 |
| | 32,701 |
|
Gain on liquidation of textbooks | (4,766 | ) | | (523 | ) |
Loss from write-offs of textbooks | 314 |
| | 896 |
|
Loss from write-off of property and equipment | 1,368 |
| | — |
|
Interest accretion on deferred consideration | (626 | ) | | — |
|
Other non-cash items | 62 |
| | 106 |
|
Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisition of business: | | | |
Accounts receivable | 786 |
| | 312 |
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (4,293 | ) | | (4,712 | ) |
Other assets | (7 | ) | | 284 |
|
Accounts payable | (2,291 | ) | | 2,713 |
|
Deferred revenue | 7,070 |
| | 14,896 |
|
Accrued liabilities | 12,880 |
| | 5,997 |
|
Other liabilities | 1,123 |
| | (92 | ) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 29,447 |
| | 30,726 |
|
Cash flows from investing activities | | | |
Purchases of textbooks | — |
| | (795 | ) |
Proceeds from liquidations of textbooks | 6,943 |
| | 23,873 |
|
Purchases of marketable securities | (112,417 | ) | | (7,633 | ) |
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities | 14,499 |
| | 22,830 |
|
Maturities of marketable securities | — |
| | 6,844 |
|
Purchases of property and equipment | (19,930 | ) | | (17,834 | ) |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | — |
| | (25,864 | ) |
Purchase of strategic equity investment | — |
| | (1,020 | ) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (110,905 | ) | | 401 |
|
Cash flows from financing activities | | | |
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | 13,565 |
| | 1,114 |
|
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of RSUs | (17,902 | ) | | (9,057 | ) |
Payment of deferred cash consideration related to acquisitions | (16,939 | ) | | — |
|
Proceeds from follow-on offering, net of offering costs | 147,632 |
| | — |
|
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 126,356 |
| | (7,943 | ) |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 44,898 |
| | 23,184 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 77,329 |
| | 67,029 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 122,227 |
| | $ | 90,213 |
|
| | | |
Supplemental cash flow data: | | | |
Cash paid during the period for: | | | |
Interest | $ | 66 |
| | $ | 47 |
|
Income taxes | $ | 1,241 |
| | $ | 831 |
|
Non-cash investing and financing activities: | | | |
Accrued purchases of long-lived assets | $ | 3,712 |
| | $ | 1,517 |
|
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
CHEGG, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Background and Basis of Presentation
Company and Background
Chegg, Inc. (Chegg, the Company, we, us, or our), headquartered in Santa Clara, California, was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in July 2005. Chegg is the leading student-first connected learning platform. Our goal is to help students transition from high school to college to career, with a view to improving student outcomes. We help students study more effectively for college admission exams, find the right college to accomplish their goals, get better grades and test scores while in school, and find internships that allow them to gain valuable skills to help them enter the workforce after college. Our student-first connected learning platform offers products and services that help students transition from high school to college to career.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 and the related footnote disclosures are unaudited. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2017 and our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. Our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
We operate in a single segment. Our fiscal year ends on December 31 and in this report we refer to the year ended December 31, 2016 as 2016.
The condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto that are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Except for our textbook library, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as compared to the significant accounting policies described in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We no longer consider our textbook library to be a significant accounting policy as we no longer have a balance as of March 31, 2017.
Reclassification of Prior Period Presentation
In order to conform with current period presentation, $0.5 million and $1.0 million of sales revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, have been reclassified to services revenues and $0.3 million and $1.0 million of sales cost of revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, have been reclassified to services cost of revenues on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, we have reclassified $1.2 million from other current assets to accounts receivable on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016. These changes in presentation do not affect previously reported results.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities; the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments are used for, but not limited to: revenue recognition, recoverability of accounts receivable, restructuring charges, share-based compensation expense including estimated forfeitures, accounting for income taxes, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets for depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, and the valuation of acquired intangible assets. We base our estimates on historical experience, knowledge of current business conditions, and various other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are based on management’s knowledge about current events and expectations about actions we may undertake in the future. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material to our financial position and results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Except for the following accounting pronouncements, there have been no material changes to recent accounting pronouncements as compared to recent accounting pronouncements described in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. ASU 2017-09 clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. The guidance is effective for annual periods after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and the guidance requires a prospective application to awards modified on or after the adoption date. We have elected to early adopt this standard as of July 1, 2017 and will account for any modifications after this date under the new guidance.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 eliminates step 2 from the annual goodwill impairment test no longer requiring the comparison of the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of goodwill. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance requires a prospective application. The guidance is effective for annual periods after December 15, 2019, and we are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01 Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or businesses. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance requires a prospective application. The guidance is effective for annual periods after December 15, 2017, and we are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting to provide for simplification involving several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The new standard requires excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recorded in our consolidated statements of operations as a component of provision for income taxes when stock awards vest or are settled and an option to recognize gross share-based compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur. In addition, it eliminates the requirement to reclassify cash flows related to excess tax benefits from operating activities to financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows and clarifies that all cash payments made to tax authorities on an employee’s behalf for withheld shares should be presented as a financing activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The standard also allows us to withhold more of an employee’s vesting shares for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting.
We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2017 and the adoption had no impact to our consolidated financial statements. The requirement to record excess tax benefits and deficiencies in our consolidated statements of operations as a component of provision of income taxes when stock awards vest or are settled does not impact our provision of income taxes as we currently have a full valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets related to share-based compensation. Additionally, we have elected to continue to recognize share-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures. We have not recorded an adjustment to retained earnings to reflect the modified retrospective adoption of this standard update as neither of these updates change the accounting of the prior period financial results.
We have elected to adopt the elimination of the requirement to reclassify cash flows related to excess tax benefits from operating activities to financing activities on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows prospectively and therefore
prior periods have not been adjusted. Further, there was no change related to the requirement that all payments made to tax authorities on an employees' behalf for withheld shares be presented as a financing activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows as we have always recorded such amounts as a financing activity.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months. Recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease. The amendments in this update also require certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. Early adoption is permitted, and the guidance requires a modified retrospective adoption. The guidance is effective for annual periods after December 15, 2018 and we plan to adopt the guidance starting in the first quarter of 2019. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as amended (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09), which will change the way we recognize revenue and significantly expand the disclosure requirements for revenue arrangements. In July 2015, the FASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for public companies and further amendments and technical corrections were made to ASU 2014-09 during 2016. ASU 2014-09 allows for companies to choose to apply the standard retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective application) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the annual reporting period that includes the date of initial application (modified retrospective application). We plan to adopt ASU 2014-09 under the modified retrospective application. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. We plan to adopt ASU 2014-09 starting on January 1, 2018.
We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact ASU 2014-09 may have on our consolidated financial statements, accounting policies, and related disclosures. We believe that we will continue to operate as an agent in our strategic partnership with Ingram and agreements with other textbook publishers under the new guidance and therefore continue to recognize a commission on print textbook rental transactions. We have initially determined three potential areas of impact which are subject to further evaluation. First, the timing of revenue recognition relating to our Enrollment Marketing and Brand Partnership product offerings is anticipated to be recognized earlier in the contract life under ASU 2014-09 than under the current guidance. Second, we will estimate and account for the variable consideration earned relating to our performance related obligation with Ingram over the period in which it is earned under ASU 2014-09 as opposed to at the completion of the period under the current guidance. Finally, revenues previously recognized from shipping and handling activities will be recognized as a reduction of cost of revenues under ASU 2014-09 as these activities do not represent a separately identifiable performance obligation. These are the significant areas that we have identified will be different under ASU 2014-09 and we will continue to evaluate ASU 2014-09 as we near our adoption date.
Note 2. Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including stock options, warrants, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance-based restricted stock units (PSUs), to the extent dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.
The following table sets forth the computation of historical basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Numerator: | | | | | | | |
Net loss | $ | (11,516 | ) | | $ | (16,063 | ) | | $ | (23,942 | ) | | $ | (40,756 | ) |
Denominator: | | | | | | | |
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted | 103,041 |
| | 91,059 |
| | 97,008 |
| | 90,201 |
|
| | | | | | | |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.11 | ) | | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.25 | ) | | $ | (0.45 | ) |
The following potential weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Options to purchase common stock | 2 |
| | 10,420 |
| | 3,167 |
| | 10,917 |
|
RSUs and PSUs | 49 |
| | 624 |
| | 137 |
| | 1,797 |
|
Warrants to purchase common stock | — |
| | 200 |
| | 200 |
| | 200 |
|
Total common stock equivalents | 51 |
| | 11,244 |
| | 3,504 |
| | 12,914 |
|
Note 3. Cash and Cash Equivalents, and Investments
The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments’ adjusted cost, unrealized gain (loss) and fair value as of September 30, 2017 (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| September 30, 2017 |
| Cost | | Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) | | Fair Value |
Cash and cash equivalents: | | | | | |
Cash | $ | 90,256 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 90,256 |
|
Money market funds | 11,036 |
| | — |
| | 11,036 |
|
Commercial paper | 20,933 |
| | 2 |
| | 20,935 |
|
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 122,225 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | 122,227 |
|
Short-term investments: | | | | | |
Commercial paper | $ | 41,975 |
| | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | 41,971 |
|
Corporate securities | 18,998 |
| | (11 | ) | | 18,987 |
|
U.S. treasury securities | 19,963 |
| | (7 | ) | | 19,956 |
|
Total short-term investments | $ | 80,936 |
| | $ | (22 | ) | | $ | 80,914 |
|
| | | | | |
Long-term corporate securities | $ | 17,041 |
| | $ | (28 | ) | | $ | 17,013 |
|
The adjusted cost and fair value of available-for-sale investments as of September 30, 2017 by contractual maturity were as follows (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | |
| Cost | | Fair Value |
Due in 1 year or less | $ | 101,869 |
| | $ | 101,849 |
|
Due in 1-2 years | 17,041 |
| | 17,013 |
|
Investments not due at a single maturity date | 11,036 |
| | 11,036 |
|
Total | $ | 129,946 |
| | $ | 129,898 |
|
Investments not due at a single maturity date in the preceding table consist of money market fund deposits.
As of September 30, 2017, we considered the declines in market value of our investment portfolio to be temporary in nature and did not consider any of our investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired. We typically invest in highly-rated securities with a minimum credit rating of A- and a weighted average maturity of seven months, and our investment policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The policy requires investments generally to be investment grade, with the primary objective of preserving capital and maintaining liquidity. Fair values were determined for each individual security in the investment portfolio. When evaluating an investment for other-than-temporary impairment, we review factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below its cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, changes in market interest rates and our intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not it
will be required to sell, the investment before recovery of the investment’s cost basis. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we did not recognize any impairment charges.
As of December 31, 2016, we did not carry a balance of cash equivalents, short-term or long-term investments.
Restricted Cash
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had approximately $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of restricted cash that consists of security deposits for our offices. These amounts are classified in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as these amounts are restricted for periods that exceed one year from the balance sheet dates.
Strategic Investment
We previously invested $3.0 million in a foreign entity to explore expanding our reach internationally. Our investment is included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We did not record other-than-temporary impairment charges on this investment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 as there were no significant identified events or changes in circumstances that would be considered an indicator for impairment.
Note 4. Fair Value Measurement
We have established a fair value hierarchy used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments as follows:
Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.
A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Financial instruments measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 are classified based on the valuation technique level in the tables below (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| September 30, 2017 |
| Total | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |
Cash equivalents: | | | | | |
Money market funds | $ | 11,036 |
| | $ | 11,036 |
| | $ | — |
|
Commercial paper | 20,935 |
| | — |
| | 20,935 |
|
Short-term investments: | | | | | |
Commercial paper | 41,971 |
| | — |
| | 41,971 |
|
Corporate securities | 18,987 |
| | — |
| | 18,987 |
|
U.S. treasury securities | 19,956 |
| | — |
| | 19,956 |
|
Long-term corporate securities | 17,013 |
| | — |
| | 17,013 |
|
Total assets measured and recorded at fair value | $ | 129,898 |
| | $ | 11,036 |
| | $ | 118,862 |
|
We value our marketable securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 inputs) or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2 inputs) in determining fair value. We classify all of our fixed income available-for-sale securities as having Level 2 inputs. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of our financial instruments having Level 2 inputs were derived from non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, or pricing models such as discounted cash flow techniques.
The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we believe our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.
Note 5. Intangible Assets
Intangible assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consist of the following (in thousands, except the weighted-average amortization period):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| September 30, 2017 |
| Weighted-Average Amortization Period (in months) | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net Carrying Amount |
Developed technologies | 60 |
| | $ | 15,077 |
| | $ | (9,616 | ) | | $ | 5,461 |
|
Customer lists | 47 |
| | 9,970 |
| | (5,138 | ) | | 4,832 |
|
Trade names | 47 |
| | 5,513 |
| | (3,077 | ) | | 2,436 |
|
Non-compete agreements | 30 |
| | 1,728 |
| | (1,458 | ) | | 270 |
|
Master service agreements | 21 |
| | 1,030 |
| | (1,030 | ) | | — |
|
Indefinite-lived trade name | — |
| | 3,600 |
| | — |
| | 3,600 |
|
Total intangible assets | | | $ | 36,918 |
| | $ | (20,319 | ) | | $ | 16,599 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 |
| Weighted-Average Amortization Period (in months) | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net Carrying Amount |
Developed technologies | 60 |
| | $ | 15,077 |
| | $ | (8,245 | ) | | $ | 6,832 |
|
Customer lists | 47 |
| | 9,970 |
| | (3,673 | ) | | 6,297 |
|
Trade names | 47 |
| | 5,513 |
| | (1,998 | ) | | 3,515 |
|
Non-compete agreements | 30 |
| | 1,728 |
| | (1,249 | ) | | 479 |
|
Master service agreements | 21 |
| | 1,030 |
| | (1,005 | ) | | 25 |
|
Indefinite-lived trade name | — |
| | 3,600 |
| | — |
| | 3,600 |
|
Total intangible assets | | | $ | 36,918 |
| | $ | (16,170 | ) | | $ | 20,748 |
|
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, amortization expense related to our acquired intangible assets totaled approximately $1.4 million and $4.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, amortization expense related to our acquired intangible assets totaled approximately $1.4 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
As of September 30, 2017, the estimated future amortization expense related to our finite-lived intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):
|
| | | |
Remaining three months of 2017 | $ | 1,201 |
|
2018 | 4,446 |
|
2019 | 3,510 |
|
2020 | 2,153 |
|
2021 | 815 |
|
Thereafter | 874 |
|
Total | $ | 12,999 |
|
Note 6. Debt Obligations
In September 2016, we entered into a revolving line of credit with an aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million (the Line of Credit) with an accordion feature that, subject to the lender's discretion, allows us to borrow up to a total of $50.0 million. This new line of credit replaced the previous line of credit that expired in August 2016. The Line of Credit matures September 2019 and requires us to repay the outstanding balance upon maturity. We will pay a fee equal to 0.25% per year on the average daily unused amount of the Line of Credit and a base interest rate equal to the LIBOR. In addition, we will pay a fee for each issued letter of credit which will be determined based on our current leverage ratio at the time the letter of credit is issued. If our leverage ratio is less than 1.00%, we will pay a fee equal to 1.50% per year and if our leverage ratio is greater than or equal to 1.00%, we will pay a fee equal to 2.50% per year. Our leverage ratio is a ratio of all obligations owed to the bank divided by our consolidated EBITDA. EBITDA for the purposes of calculating our leverage ratio is defined as net profit (loss) before tax, plus interest expense, plus non-cash stock compensation (net of capitalized interest expense), plus depreciation expense, plus amortization expense and other non-cash expenses (assuming there are no future cash costs), plus expenses incurred in connection with permitted acquisitions (including without limitation accrued acquisition-related contingent expenses) in an amount not to exceed $6.0 million per calendar year, plus non-recurring expenses in an amount not to exceed $2.0 million per calendar year. We must maintain financial covenants under the Line of Credit as follows: (1) maintain a balance of unrestricted cash at the lender of not less than $30.0 million at all times, other than the three months ending March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017, and not less than $25.0 million during the three months ending March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017; and (2) achieve EBITDA, on a trailing 12 month basis, of not less than (i) $25.0 million for the period of time from September 30, 2016 through June 30, 2017, (ii) $30.0 million for the period of time from September 30, 2017 through June 30, 2018, and (iii) $35.0 million for the period of time from September 30, 2018 through the maturity of the Line of Credit. As of September 30, 2017, we were in compliance with the financial covenants of the Line of Credit. Further, we had no amounts outstanding and were able to borrow up to $30.0 million under the Line of Credit.
Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies
We lease our offices under operating leases, which expire at various dates through 2022. Our primary operating lease commitments at September 30, 2017 are related to our headquarters in Santa Clara, California, our office in San Francisco, California, and our office in India. We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period. Where leases contain escalation clauses, rent abatements, or concessions, such as rent holidays and landlord or tenant incentives or allowances, we apply them in the determination of straight-line rent expense over the lease term. Rental expense, net of sublease income, was approximately $0.6 million and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.5 million and $1.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
From time to time, third parties may assert patent infringement claims against us in the form of letters, litigation, or other forms of communication. In addition, we may from time to time be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, including claims of alleged infringement of trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property rights; employment claims; and general contract or other claims. We may also, from time to time, be subject to various legal or government claims, disputes, or investigations. Such matters may include, but not be limited to, claims, disputes, or investigations related to warranty, refund, breach of contract, employment, intellectual property, government regulation, or compliance or other matters.
We are not aware of any other pending legal matters or claims, individually or in the aggregate, that are expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, our determination of whether a claim will proceed to litigation cannot be made with certainty, nor can the results of litigation be predicted with certainty. Nevertheless, defending any of these actions, regardless of the outcome, may be costly, time consuming, distract management personnel, and have a negative effect on our business. An adverse outcome in any of these actions, including a judgment or settlement, may cause a material adverse effect on our future business, operating results, and/or financial condition.
Note 8. Guarantees and Indemnifications
We have agreed to indemnify our directors and officers for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while such persons are or were serving at our request in such capacity. We may terminate the indemnification agreements with these persons upon termination of employment, but termination will not affect claims for indemnification related to events occurring prior to the effective date of termination. We have a directors’ and officers’ insurance policy that limits our potential exposure up to the limits of our insurance coverage. In addition, we also have other indemnification agreements with various vendors against certain claims, liabilities, losses, and damages. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited.
We believe the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. We have not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of September 30, 2017.
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity
Follow-on Offering
On August 8, 2017, we closed an underwritten public offering pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-3 of 11,500,000 shares of our common stock sold by us, including 1,500,000 shares sold upon full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of common stock, at a price to the public of $13.50 per share, generating aggregate net proceeds of $147.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $7.0 million and offering costs of $0.6 million.
Share-based Compensation Expense
Total share-based compensation expense recorded for employees and non-employees is as follows (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Cost of revenues | $ | 73 |
| | $ | 46 |
| | $ | 228 |
| | $ | 115 |
|
Technology and development | 3,706 |
| | 3,449 |
| | 10,334 |
| | 11,207 |
|
Sales and marketing | 1,261 |
| | 1,605 |
| | 3,588 |
| | 5,456 |
|
General and administrative | 5,051 |
| | 5,110 |
| | 13,318 |
| | 15,923 |
|
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 10,091 |
| | $ | 10,210 |
| | $ | 27,468 |
| | $ | 32,701 |
|
There was no capitalized share-based compensation expense as of September 30, 2017 or 2016.
Stock Option Activity
There were no stock option awards granted to employees, consultants, officers or directors during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we granted 232,700 stock option awards at a weighted-average grant date fair value of $2.58 solely to members of our board of directors.
As of September 30, 2017, our total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to stock option awards was approximately $0.2 million, which will be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 0.8 years.
RSU and PSU Activity
Activity for RSUs and PSUs is as follows:
|
| | | | | | |
| RSUs and PSUs Outstanding |
| Number of RSUs and PSUs Outstanding | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 14,142,109 |
| | $ | 5.20 |
|
Granted | 6,425,919 |
| | 8.75 |
|
Released | (4,968,509 | ) | | 5.67 |
|
Canceled | (1,153,704 | ) | | 6.01 |
|
Balance at September 30, 2017 | 14,445,815 |
| | $ | 6.57 |
|
As of September 30, 2017, our total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to RSUs and PSUs was approximately $55.7 million, which will be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 1.9 years.
Note 10. Income Taxes
We recorded an income tax provision of approximately $0.6 million and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and an income tax provision of approximately $0.6 million and $1.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, primarily due to state and foreign income tax expense and federal tax expense related to tax amortization of acquired indefinite lived intangible assets.
Note 11. Restructuring Charges (Credits)
2017 Restructuring Plan
In January 2017, we entered into a strategic partnership with the National Research Center for College & University Admissions (NRCCUA) where NRCCUA will assume responsibility for managing, renewing, and maintaining our existing university contracts and become the exclusive reseller of our digital enrollment marketing services for colleges and universities. As a result of this strategic partnership, approximately 50 employees in China and the United States supporting the sales and account support functions of our Enrollment Marketing offering were terminated, resulting in one-time workforce reduction costs of $0.9 million and lease termination and other costs of $0.1 million recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. We expect costs incurred to date related to this workforce reduction to be fully paid within six months.
2015 Restructuring Plan
Restructuring credits recorded in 2016 of $0.4 million primarily related to a partial reversal of previously accrued lease termination costs due to our subtenant leasing additional space in our Kentucky warehouse. Costs incurred to date related to the lease termination and other costs are expected to be fully paid by 2021.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the accrual for restructuring charges (credits) (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 Restructuring Plan | | 2015 Restructuring Plan | | |
| Workforce Reduction Costs | | Lease Termination and Other Costs | | Workforce Reduction Costs | | Lease Termination and Other Costs | | Total |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 55 |
| | $ | 2,463 |
| | $ | 2,518 |
|
Restructuring credits | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (423 | ) | | (423 | ) |
Cash payments | — |
| | — |
| | (55 | ) | | (1,734 | ) | | (1,789 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 306 |
| | 306 |
|
Restructuring charges (credits) | 927 |
| | 138 |
| | — |
| | (42 | ) | | 1,023 |
|
Cash payments | (897 | ) | | (118 | ) | | — |
| | (14 | ) | | (1,029 | ) |
Write-offs | — |
| | (20 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (20 | ) |
Balance at September 30, 2017 | $ | 30 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 250 |
| | $ | 280 |
|
As of September 30, 2017, the $0.3 million liability was comprised of a short-term accrual of $0.1 million included within accrued liabilities and a long-term accrual of $0.2 million included within other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Note 12. Related-Party Transactions
Our Chief Executive Officer is a member of the Board of Directors of Adobe Systems Incorporated (Adobe). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we had purchases of $0.8 million and $2.6 million, respectively, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we had purchases of $0.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively, from Adobe. We had no revenues in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively, from Adobe. We had an immaterial amount and $0.3 million in payables as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, to Adobe. We had no outstanding accounts receivables as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, from Adobe.
One of our board members is also a member of the Board of Directors of Cengage Learning, Inc. (Cengage). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we had purchases of $4.7 million and $9.5 million, respectively, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we had purchases of $2.8 million and $7.2 million, respectively,
from Cengage. We had $1.2 million and $1.8 million of revenues in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.6 million in revenues in both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 from Cengage. We had an immaterial amount in payables as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 to Cengage. We had $0.3 million and $0.1 million in outstanding accounts receivables as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, from Cengage.
One of our board members is also a member of the Board of Directors of Groupon, Inc. (Groupon). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we had purchases of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we had purchases of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, from Groupon. We had no revenues in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016, respectively, from Groupon. We had no payables as of September 30, 2017 and an immaterial amount in payables as of December 31, 2016 to Groupon. We had no outstanding accounts receivables as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 from Groupon.
The immediate family of one of our board members is also a member of the Board of Directors of PayPal Holdings, Inc. (PayPal). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred payment processing fees of $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, to PayPal.
Note 13. Subsequent Events
Acquisition of Cogeon GmbH
On October 16, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding interest of Cogeon GmbH (Cogeon), a privately held online learning company based in Berlin, Germany that provides adaptive math technology. Pursuant to the terms of the share purchase agreement, we paid €12.5 million (approximately $15.0 million) in cash to the sellers at the closing of the acquisition. There are potential payments of up to €7.5 million (approximately $9.0 million) over the next three years subject to certain contingencies. These contingent payments may be settled by us, in our sole discretion, either in cash or shares of our common stock. Additionally, there are potential issuances of up to €3.2 million (approximately $3.8 million) in RSUs over the next three years subject to certain contingencies. The potential contingent payments and RSU issuances equivalent value in USD may fluctuate based on the exchange rate at the time the payment or issuance is made.
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. See the “Note about Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Overview
Chegg is the leading student-first connected learning platform. Our goal is to help students transition from high school to a career. As such, we are committed to improving student outcomes. We help students study more effectively for college admissions exams, find the right college to accomplish their goals, get better grades and test scores while in school, and find internships that allow them to gain valuable skills to help them enter the workforce after college. Our student platform offers products and services that help students transition from high school to college to career. We strive to improve the overall return on investment in education by helping students maximize their outcomes through more efficient and cost effective solutions that bridge the gap between what formal institutions offer and students actually need.
Students subscribe to our digital products and services, which we collectively refer to as Chegg Services. These include Chegg Study, Chegg Tutors, Writing Tools (acquired in May 2016), Enrollment Marketing, Brand Partnership, Internships, and Test Prep. Our Chegg Study service provides step-by-step Textbook Solutions and Expert Answers, helping students with their course work. When students need additional help on a subject, they can reach a live tutor online, anytime, anywhere through Chegg Tutors. When students need help creating citations for their papers, they can use one of our Writing Tools properties, including EasyBib, Citation Machine, BibMe, CiteThisForMe, and NormasAPA. Through our strategic partnership with NRCCUA, we match domestic and international students with colleges, in the United States, to help them find the best fit school for them. We provide access to internships to help students gain skills and experiences that are critical to securing their first job. We provide students with an online adaptive test preparation service currently covering the ACT and SAT exams and,
in August 2017, we entered into a partnership with Kaplan Test Prep (Kaplan) to provide their test prep courses, practice products, and books through our website. Additionally, Chegg and Kaplan will launch co-branded new test prep programs starting as low as $99. Through our strategic partnership with Ingram Content Group (Ingram), we offer Required Materials, which includes an extensive print textbook and eTextbook library for rent and sale, helping students save money compared to the cost of buying new.
To deliver services to students, we partner with a variety of third parties. We work with colleges to help shape their incoming classes. We source print textbooks, eTextbooks, and supplemental materials directly or indirectly from thousands of publishers in the United States, including Pearson, Cengage Learning, McGraw Hill, Wiley, and MacMillan. We have a large network of students and professionals who leverage our platform to tutor in their spare time and employers who leverage our platform to post their internships and jobs. In addition, because we have a large student user base, local and national brands partner with us to reach the college and high school demographics.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we generated net revenues of $62.6 million and $181.6 million, respectively, and in the same periods had net losses of $11.5 million and $23.9 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we generated net revenues of $71.3 million and $191.0 million, respectively, and in the same periods had net losses of $16.1 million and $40.8 million, respectively. We plan to continue to invest in our long-term growth, particularly further investment in the technology that powers our connected learning platform, and the development of additional products and services that serve students.
Our strategy for achieving and maintaining profitability is centered upon our ability to utilize Chegg Services to increase student engagement with our connected learning platform. We plan to continue to invest in the expansion of our Chegg Services to provide a more compelling and personalized solution and deepen engagement with students. On October 16, 2017, we acquired Cogeon GmbH, a privately held online learning company based in Berlin, Germany that provides adaptive math technology, primarily through its application, Math-42. We anticipate this acquisition to increase value to existing subscribers and deepen our reach into the high school market which will allow us to drive further growth in our existing Chegg Services. In addition, we believe that the investments we have made to achieve our current scale will allow us to drive increased operating margins over time that, together with increased contributions of Chegg Services products, will enable us to accomplish profitability and become cash-flow positive in the long-term. Our ability to achieve these long-term objectives is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including our ability to attract, retain, and increasingly engage the student population, intense competition in our markets, the ability to achieve sufficient contributions to revenue from Chegg Services and other factors described in greater detail in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
We have presented revenues for our two product lines, Chegg Services and Required Materials, based on how students view us and the utilization of our products by them. More detail on our two product lines is discussed in the next two sections titled "Chegg Services" and "Required Materials."
Chegg Services
Our Chegg Services for students primarily includes our Chegg Study service, our Chegg Tutors service, and our Writing Tools service. We offer enrollment marketing services to colleges, through our strategic partnership with NRCCUA, allowing them to reach interested college-bound high school students that use our College Admissions and Scholarship Services. We also work with leading brands, such as Proctor & Gamble, Starbucks, The Truth, Microsoft, Best Buy, DirectTV, Bare Escentuals, and Shutterfly, to provide students with discounts, promotions, and other products that, based on student feedback, delight them. For example, for Proctor & Gamble, we inserted free laundry care samples and for Starbucks, we inserted free drinks in our textbook rental shipments to students. All of our brand advertising services and the discounts, promotions, and other products provided to students are paid for by the brands. We additionally provide Internship services and, through our partnership with Kaplan, our Test Prep services covering a variety of exams.
Students typically pay to access Chegg Services such as Chegg Study on a monthly or annual basis, while colleges subscribe to our enrollment marketing services, through our strategic partnership with NRCCUA, and brands pay us depending on the nature of the campaign. In the aggregate, Chegg Services revenues were 63% and 69% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and 42% and 45% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
Required Materials
Our Required Materials product line includes commissions from partners, such as Ingram and textbook publishers, on the rental and sale of print textbooks, as well as revenues from eTextbooks. Our web-based, multiplatform eTextbook Reader, eTextbooks and supplemental course materials are available from approximately 120 publishers as of September 30, 2017. We offer our eTextbooks on a standalone basis or as a rental-equivalent solution and for free to students awaiting the arrival of their print textbook rental.
We also use our website to rent and sell, on behalf of Ingram and textbook publishers, as well as source for used print textbooks for our partner Ingram. We attract students to our website by offering more for their used print textbooks than they could generally get by selling them back to their campus bookstore.
In the aggregate, Required Materials revenues were 37% and 31% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and 58% and 55% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
Strategic Partnership with Ingram
Our strategic partnership with Ingram has helped to accelerate the growth of our Chegg Services products by allowing us to utilize capital otherwise spent on the purchase of print textbooks, and at the same time allowing us to maintain a leading position and high brand recognition through our iconic orange boxes. We entered into a definitive inventory purchase and consignment agreement with Ingram that allows us to focus on eTextbooks and Chegg Services. Under the agreement, since May 2015, Ingram has been responsible for all new investments in the print textbook library, fulfillment logistics, and has title and risk of loss related to print textbook rentals. As a result of our strategic partnership with Ingram, our revenues include a commission on the total revenues that we earn from Ingram upon their fulfillment of a rental transaction using print textbooks for which Ingram has title and risk of loss. This partnership allows us to reduce and eliminate the operating expenses we historically incurred to acquire and maintain a print textbook library. We will continue to buy books on Ingram’s behalf including books through our buyback program and invoice Ingram at cost.
Seasonality of Our Business
Historically, a substantial majority of our revenues were recognized ratably over the term a student rents our print textbooks and eTextbooks or has access to our Chegg Services. This has generally resulted in our highest revenues in the fourth quarter as it reflects more days of the academic year and our lowest revenues in the second quarter as colleges conclude their academic year for summer and there are fewer days of rentals. The recognition of revenues from our eTextbooks and Chegg Services will continue to follow these trends. As a result of our strategic partnership with Ingram, however, revenues from all print textbook transactions will now be higher in the first and third quarters as we recognize a commission on the transaction immediately rather than recognizing the revenues ratably over the term the student rents the print textbooks.
The variable expenses associated with our shipments of print textbooks and marketing activities historically were highest in the first and third quarters as shipping and other fulfillment costs and marketing expenses are expensed when incurred, generally at the beginning of academic terms. However, these variable expenses related to the shipments of print textbooks have decreased as we have completely transitioned the shipping and fulfillment activities related to print textbooks to Ingram.
As a result of these factors, the most concentrated periods for our revenues and expenses did not necessarily coincide, and comparisons of our historical quarterly operating results on a sequential basis may not provide meaningful insight into our overall financial performance. Our strategic partnership with Ingram has shifted peak revenues in the periods that a student rents a textbook as a result of the immediate revenue recognition as well as our revenue sharing agreement such that we believe our revenues will provide more meaningful insight on a sequential basis going forward. Further, while our expenses associated with the print textbook rental business have decreased, our variable expenses related to marketing activities continue to remain highest in the first and third quarter such that our profitability may not provide meaningful insight on a sequential basis.
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our historical condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands, except percentage of total net revenues):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
Net revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Rental | $ | — |
| | — | % | | $ | 5,511 |
| | 7 | % | | $ | — |
| | — | % | | $ | 32,081 |
| | 17 | % |
Services | 62,640 |
| | 100 |
| | 50,265 |
| | 71 |
| | 181,559 |
| | 100 |
| | 127,812 |
| | 67 |
|
Sales | — |
| | — |
| | 15,567 |
| | 22 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 31,140 |
| | 16 |
|
Total net revenues | 62,640 |
| | 100 |
| | 71,343 |
| | 100 |
| | 181,559 |
| | 100 |
| | 191,033 |
| | 100 |
|
Cost of revenues(1): | | | | | | | | |
|
| | | |
|
| | |
Rental | — |
| | — |
| | 7,646 |
| | 11 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 26,505 |
| | 14 |
|
Services | 22,356 |
| | 36 |
| | 13,203 |
| | 18 |
| | 60,794 |
| | 33 |
| | 39,684 |
| | 21 |
|
Sales | — |
| | — |
| | 17,850 |
| | 25 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 32,840 |
| | 17 |
|
Total cost of revenues | 22,356 |
| | 36 |
| | 38,699 |
| | 54 |
| | 60,794 |
| | 33 |
| | 99,029 |
| | 52 |
|
Gross profit | 40,284 |
| | 64 |
| | 32,644 |
| | 46 |
| | 120,765 |
| | 67 |
| | 92,004 |
| | 48 |
|
Operating expenses(1): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Technology and development | 19,876 |
| | 32 |
| | 16,241 |
| | 23 |
| | 59,077 |
| | 33 |
| | 49,232 |
| | 26 |
|
Sales and marketing | 14,184 |
| | 23 |
| | 15,256 |
| | 21 |
| | 40,246 |
| | 22 |
| | 41,449 |
| | 22 |
|
General and administrative | 17,320 |
| | 28 |
| | 13,905 |
| | 19 |
| | 47,163 |
| | 26 |
| | 41,140 |
| | 22 |
|
Restructuring charges (credits) | 64 |
| | — |
| | (100 | ) | | — |
| | 1,023 |
| | 1 |
| | (298 | ) | | — |
|
Loss (gain) on liquidation of textbooks | — |
| | — |
| | 2,673 |
| | 4 |
| | (4,766 | ) | | (3 | ) | | (523 | ) | | — |
|
Total operating expenses | 51,444 |
| | 82 |
| | 47,975 |
| | 67 |
| | 142,743 |
| | 79 |
| | 131,000 |
| | 70 |
|
Loss from operations | (11,160 | ) | | (18 | ) | | (15,331 | ) | | (21 | ) | | (21,978 | ) | | (12 | ) | | (38,996 | ) | | (22 | ) |
Total interest expense and other income (expense), net | 242 |
| | — |
| | (178 | ) | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
| | (297 | ) | | — |
|
Loss before provision for income taxes | (10,918 | ) | | (18 | ) | | (15,509 | ) | | (21 | ) | | (21,981 | ) | | (12 | ) | | (39,293 | ) | | (22 | ) |
Provision for income taxes | 598 |
| | (1 | ) | | 554 |
| | (1 | ) | | 1,961 |
| | (1 | ) | | 1,463 |
| | (1 | ) |
Net loss | $ | (11,516 | ) | | (19 | )% | | $ | (16,063 | ) | | (22 | )% | | $ | (23,942 | ) | | (13 | )% | | $ | (40,756 | ) | | (23 | )% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cost of revenues | $ | 73 |
| | | | $ | 46 |
| | | | $ | 228 |
| | | | $ | 115 |
| | |
Technology and development | 3,706 |
| | | | 3,449 |
| | | | 10,334 |
| | | | 11,207 |
| | |
Sales and marketing | 1,261 |
| | | | 1,605 |
| | | | 3,588 |
| | | | 5,456 |
| | |
General and administrative | 5,051 |
| | | | 5,110 |
| | | | 13,318 |
| | | | 15,923 |
| | |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 10,091 |
| | | | $ | 10,210 |
| | | | $ | 27,468 |
| | | | $ | 32,701 |
| | |
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016
Net Revenues
Net revenues in the three months ended September 30, 2017 decreased $8.7 million, or 12%, compared to the same period in 2016. Rental revenues decreased $5.5 million, or 100%, services revenues increased $12.4 million, or 25%, and sales revenues decreased $15.6 million, or 100%.
Net revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased $9.5 million, or 5%, compared to the same period in 2016. Rental revenues decreased $32.1 million, or 100%, services revenues increased $53.7 million, or 42%, and sales revenues decreased $31.1 million, or 100%.
The decrease in rental revenues and sales revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was due to our strategic partnership with Ingram. As a result of our strategic partnership, our rental revenues and sales revenues are classified as services revenues to represent the commission on the total revenues that we earn from Ingram upon their fulfillment of a rental or sale transaction using books for which Ingram has title and risk of loss rather than recognizing rental revenues or sales revenues from transactions using our print textbooks. The increase in services revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was driven primarily from growth across our other offerings for students which included increased revenues from our Chegg Study service and Writing Tools service (acquired in May 2016) as well as an increase in the commissions earned from Ingram.
The following table sets forth our total net revenues for the periods shown for our Chegg Services and Required Materials product lines (in thousands, except percentages):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Chegg Services | $ | 39,475 |
| | $ | 29,676 |
| | $ | 9,799 |
| | 33 | % |
Required Materials | 23,165 |
| | 41,667 |
| | (18,502 | ) | | (44 | ) |
Total net revenues | $ | 62,640 |
| | $ | 71,343 |
| | $ | (8,703 | ) | | (12 | )% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Chegg Services | $ | 125,210 |
| | $ | 85,109 |
| | $ | 40,101 |
| | 47 | % |
Required Materials | 56,349 |
| | 105,924 |
| | (49,575 | ) | | (47 | ) |
Total net revenues | $ | 181,559 |
| | $ | 191,033 |
| | $ | (9,474 | ) | | (5 | )% |
Chegg Services revenues increased $9.8 million, or 33%, and $40.1 million, or 47%, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2016 due to growth in new memberships for our Chegg Study service and revenues from our Writing Tools service. Chegg Services revenues were 63% and 69% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and 42% and 45% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Required Materials revenues decreased $18.5 million, or 44%, and $49.6 million, or 47%, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2016, primarily due to our strategic partnership with Ingram. Our Required Materials revenues are primarily comprised of a commission earned from Ingram rather than the full revenues from a print textbook rental transaction. Required Materials revenues were 37% and 31% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and 58% and 55% of net revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
Cost of Revenues
The following table sets forth our cost of revenues for the periods shown (in thousands, except percentages):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Cost of revenues(1) | $ | 22,356 |
| | $ | 38,699 |
| | $ | (16,343 | ) | | (42 | )% |
| | | | | | | |
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense of: | $ | 73 |
| | $ | 46 |
| | $ | 27 |
| | 59 | % |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Cost of revenues(1) | $ | 60,794 |
| | $ | 99,029 |
| | $ | (38,235 | ) | | (39 | )% |
| | | | | | | |
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense of: | $ | 228 |
| | $ | 115 |
| | $ | 113 |
| | 98 | % |
Cost of revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2017 decreased by $16.3 million, or 42%, compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in textbook depreciation of $1.7 million, lower cost of print textbooks sold of $12.1 million, lower cost of print textbook shipping and handling of $4.4 million, and lower outside services of $0.5 million. These savings were partially offset by higher amortization of digital content of $1.0 million, higher handling fees paid to Ingram of $1.0 million as a result of higher print textbook volume transacting through our partnership with Ingram, and higher employee-related expenses of $0.3 million. As a result, gross margins increased to 64% in the three months ended September 30, 2017, from 46% in the same period in 2016.
Cost of revenues during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased by $38.2 million, or 39%, compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in textbook depreciation of $8.9 million, lower order fulfillment costs of $11.3 million, and lower cost of print textbooks sold of $24.8 million. These savings were partially offset by higher amortization of digital content of $3.2 million, higher handling fees paid to Ingram of $2.1 million as a result of higher print textbook volume transacting through our partnership with Ingram, and higher employee-related expenses of $1.1 million. As a result, gross margins increased to 67% in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from 48% in the same period in 2016.
The decreases in cost of revenues and improvement in total gross margins in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the same periods in 2016 resulted primarily from Ingram's fulfillment of print textbook rental and sale orders.
Operating Expenses
The following table sets forth our total operating expenses for the periods shown (in thousands, except percentages):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Technology and development(1) | $ | 19,876 |
| | $ | 16,241 |
| | $ | 3,635 |
| | 22 | % |
Sales and marketing(1) | 14,184 |
| | 15,256 |
| | (1,072 | ) | | (7 | ) |
General and administrative(1) | 17,320 |
| | 13,905 |
| | 3,415 |
| | 25 |
|
Restructuring charges (credits) | 64 |
| | (100 | ) | | 164 |
| | n/m |
|
Loss (gain) on liquidation of textbooks | — |
| | 2,673 |
| | (2,673 | ) | | (100 | ) |
Total operating expenses | $ | 51,444 |
| | $ | 47,975 |
| | $ | 3,469 |
| | 7 | % |
| | | | | | | |
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense of: | | | | | | | |
Technology and development | $ | 3,706 |
| | $ | 3,449 |
| | $ | 257 |
| | 7 | % |
Sales and marketing | 1,261 |
| | 1,605 |
| | (344 | ) | | (21 | ) |
General and administrative | 5,051 |
| | 5,110 |
| | (59 | ) | | (1 | ) |
Share-based compensation expense | $ | 10,018 |
| | $ | 10,164 |
| | $ | (146 | ) | | (1 | )% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Technology and development(1) | $ | 59,077 |
| | $ | 49,232 |
| | $ | 9,845 |
| | 20 | % |
Sales and marketing(1) | 40,246 |
| | 41,449 |
| | (1,203 | ) | | (3 | ) |
General and administrative(1) | 47,163 |
| | 41,140 |
| | 6,023 |
| | 15 |
|
Restructuring charges (credits) | 1,023 |
| | (298 | ) | | 1,321 |
| | n/m |
|
Loss (gain) on liquidation of textbooks | (4,766 | ) | | (523 | ) | | (4,243 | ) | | n/m |
|
Total operating expenses | $ | 142,743 |
| | $ | 131,000 |
| | $ | 11,743 |
| | 9 | % |
| | | | | | | |
(1) Includes share-based compensation expense of: | | | | | | | |
Technology and development | $ | 10,334 |
| | $ | 11,207 |
| | $ | (873 | ) | | (8 | )% |
Sales and marketing | 3,588 |
| | 5,456 |
| | (1,868 | ) | | (34 | ) |
General and administrative | 13,318 |
| | 15,923 |
| | (2,605 | ) | | (16 | ) |
Share-based compensation expense | $ | 27,240 |
| | $ | 32,586 |
| | $ | (5,346 | ) | | (16 | )% |
_______________________________________
n/m - not meaningful
Technology and Development
Technology and development expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2017 increased $3.6 million, or 22%, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to higher employee-related expenses of $2.5 million, higher share-based compensation expense of $0.3 million, and higher web hosting and software licensing fees of $0.4 million, respectively, compared to the same period in 2016. Technology and development as a percentage of net revenues were 32% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 23% of net revenues during the same period in 2016.
Technology and development expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased $9.8 million, or 20%, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to higher employee-related expenses of $7.0 million, higher web hosting and software licensing fees of $2.2 million, higher outside services of $0.7 million, higher depreciation of $0.4 million, and higher amortization of intangible assets of $0.2 million, respectively, compared to the same period in 2016. These increases were partially offset by lower share-based compensation expense which decreased $0.9 million
compared to the same period in 2016. Technology and development as a percentage of net revenues were 33% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 26% of net revenues during the same period in 2016.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2017 decreased by $1.1 million, or 7%, compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower employee-related expenses of $1.1 million and lower share-based compensation expense of $0.3 million, respectively, compared to the same period in 2016. These decreases were partially offset by higher outside services expense of $0.3 million compared to the same period in 2016. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 23% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 21% during the same period in 2016.
Sales and marketing expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased by $1.2 million, or 3%, compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower employee-related expenses of $1.5 million, and lower share-based compensation expense of $1.9 million, respectively, compared to the same period in 2016. These decreases were partially offset by higher web hosting and software license fees of $0.9 million, higher amortization of intangible assets of $0.7 million, and higher outside services of $0.8 million, respectively, compared to the same period in 2016. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 22% during both the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2017 increased $3.4 million, or 25%, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to higher employee-related expenses of $0.7 million, higher facilities expenses of $0.2 million, and higher professional fees of $1.9 million primarily the result of the transition to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), implementation of Accounting Standards Codification 606 (ASC 606), and legal fees related to the acquisition of Cogeon compared to the same period in 2016. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 28% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 19% during the same period in 2016.
General and administrative expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased $6.0 million, or 15%, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to higher employee-related expenses of $4.1 million, higher facilities expenses of $0.9 million, and higher professional fees of $2.7 million primarily the result of the transition to Section 404(b) of SOX, implementation of ASC 606, and legal fees related to the acquisition of Cogeon compared to the same period in 2016. These increases were partially offset by lower share-based compensation expense of $2.6 million. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 26% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 22% during the same period in 2016.
Restructuring Charges (Credits)
Restructuring charges of $0.1 million and $1.0 million recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, were related to our strategic partnership with NRCCUA which resulted in the termination of employees supporting the sales and account support functions of our Enrollment Marketing offering. We expect costs incurred to date related to workforce reduction to be fully paid within six months.
Restructuring credits of $0.1 million and $0.3 million recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, were related to a partial reversal of previously accrued lease termination costs due to our subtenant leasing additional space. We expect costs incurred to date related to the lease termination and other costs to be fully paid by 2021.
Loss (Gain) on Liquidation of Textbooks
We did not record a gain on liquidation of print textbooks during the three months ended September 30, 2017 as our print textbook library was fully liquidated during the first quarter of 2017. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we had a loss on liquidation of print textbooks of $2.7 million, resulting from proceeds received from liquidation of previously rented print textbooks on our website and through various other liquidation channels.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we had a gain on liquidation of print textbooks of $4.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively, resulting from proceeds received from liquidation of previously rented print textbooks on our website and through various other liquidation channels.
Interest Expense and Other Income (Expense), Net
The following table sets forth our interest expense and other income (expense), net, for the periods shown (in thousands, except percentages): |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Interest expense, net | $ | (19 | ) | | $ | (30 | ) | | $ | 11 |
| | (37 | )% |
Other income (expense), net | 261 |
| | (148 | ) | | 409 |
| | n/m |
|
Total interest expense and other income (expense), net | $ | 242 |
| | $ | (178 | ) | | $ | 420 |
| | n/m |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Interest expense, net | $ | (56 | ) | | $ | (151 | ) | | $ | 95 |
| | (63 | )% |
Other income (expense), net | 53 |
| | (146 | ) | | 199 |
| | n/m |
|
Total interest expense and other income (expense), net | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (297 | ) | | $ | 294 |
| | n/m |
|
_______________________________________
n/m - not meaningful
Interest expense, net decreased slightly during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the same period in 2016 as a result of entering into our new line of credit in September 2016.
Other income (expense), net, was a net income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily attributable to the interest earned on investments compared to a net expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 primarily attributable to accretion expense related to the deferred cash consideration as a result of our acquisition of Imagine Easy.
Provision for Income Taxes
The following table sets forth our provision for income taxes for the periods shown (in thousands, except percentages):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 598 |
| | $ | 554 |
| | $ | 44 |
| | 8 | % |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | | Change |
| 2017 | | 2016 | | $ | | % |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 1,961 |
| | $ | 1,463 |
| | $ | 498 |
| | 34 | % |
We recorded an income tax provision of approximately $0.6 million and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and an income tax provision of approximately $0.6 million and $1.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, which was primarily due to state and foreign income tax expense and federal tax expense related to tax amortization of acquired indefinite lived intangible assets. The increase during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the same periods in 2016 was primarily due to an increase in foreign profits.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of September 30, 2017, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaling $220.2 million, which were held for working capital purposes. We recently completed a follow-on offering in which we raised net proceeds of $147.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs. The substantial majority of our net revenues are from e-commerce transactions with students, which are settled immediately through payment processors, as opposed to our accounts payable, which are settled based on contractual payment terms with our suppliers. We also have an aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million available under our Line of Credit with an accordion feature that, subject to the lender's discretion, allows us to borrow up to a total of $50.0 million. The Line of Credit expires in September 2019. As of September 30, 2017, we were in compliance with the financial covenants of the Line of Credit. Further, we had no amounts outstanding and were able to borrow up to $30.0 million under the Line of Credit.
As a result of our strategic partnership with Ingram, we will continue to buy used print textbooks on Ingram’s behalf, including print textbooks through our buyback program, and invoice Ingram at cost. We provided Ingram with extended payment terms in 2016 for the purchase of print textbooks, before moving to normal payment terms in January 2017. We have a reimbursement balance included within other current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets related to the purchase of these textbooks of $18.7 million and $18.8 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As a result of our strategic partnership with Ingram, we have significantly more working capital.
As of September 30, 2017, we have incurred cumulative losses of $395.3 million from our operations and we expect to incur additional losses in the future. Our operations have been financed primarily by our initial public offering of our common stock (IPO), our follow-on offering, and cash generated from operations.
We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our operations and debt service obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, our investments in technology and development activities, our acquisition of new products and services and our sales and marketing activities. To the extent that existing cash and cash from operations are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to adequately fund our business plans and it could have a negative effect on our business, operating cash flows and financial condition.
Most of our cash is held in the United States. As of September 30, 2017, our foreign subsidiaries held an insignificant amount of cash in foreign jurisdictions. We currently do not intend or foresee a need to repatriate these funds. In addition, based on our current and future needs, we believe our current funding and capital resources for our international operations are adequate.
The following table sets forth our cash flows (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2017 | | 2016 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data: | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 29,447 |
| | $ | 30,726 |
|
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | $ | (110,905 | ) | | $ | 401 |
|
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 126,356 |
| | $ | (7,943 | ) |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Although we incurred net losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, our net losses were fully or partially offset by non-cash expenditures such as other depreciation and amortization expense, share-based compensation expense, and print textbook library depreciation expense.
Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $29.4 million. Our net loss of $23.9 million was increased by the non-cash gain on liquidation of textbooks of $4.8 million and offset by significant non-cash operating expenses including other depreciation and amortization expense of $14.3 million, share-based compensation expense of $27.5 million, and $1.4 million primarily related to the write-off of our test preparation platform in conjunction with our partnership with Kaplan.
Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $30.7 million. Our net loss of $40.8 million was reduced by the change in our deferred revenue of $14.9 million and accrued liabilities of $6.0 million. Additionally, we had significant non-cash operating expenses including print textbook library depreciation expense of $8.9 million, other depreciation and amortization expense of $10.0 million, and share-based compensation expense of $32.7 million.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash flows from investing activities have been primarily related to the purchase of property and equipment and marketable securities, offset by the proceeds from the liquidation of print textbooks and the sale or maturity of marketable securities.
Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $110.9 million and was primarily used for the purchases of marketable securities of $112.4 million and the purchases of property and equipment of $19.9 million, partially offset by the proceeds from the sale of marketable securities of $14.5 million and the proceeds from the liquidation of print textbooks of $6.9 million.
Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $0.4 million and was primarily driven by proceeds from the sale or maturity of marketable securities of $29.7 million and the proceeds from the liquidation of print textbooks of $23.9 million partially offset by the acquisition of business of $25.9 million, purchases of marketable securities of $7.6 million, purchase of strategic equity investment of $1.0 million, and purchases of property and equipment of $17.8 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $126.4 million and was related to the proceeds from our follow-on offering, net of offering costs of $147.6 million, the proceeds from the issuance of common stock under stock plans totaling $13.6 million, partially offset by the payment of deferred cash consideration related to prior acquisitions of $16.9 million and the payment of $17.9 million in taxes related to the net share settlement of RSUs which became fully vested during the period.
Net cash used in financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $7.9 million and was related to the payment of $9.1 million in taxes related to the net share settlement of restricted stock units (RSUs), which became fully vested during the period offset by $1.1 million for common stock issued pursuant to our ESPP plan.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
Except for a new lease signed for our office in India, which is discussed below, there were no material changes in our commitments under contractual obligations, as disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
In January 2017, we entered into a new operating lease for our office in India. The following is a summary of the contractual commitments associated with our operating lease obligation as of September 30, 2017 (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Less than | | More than |
| | Total | | 1 Year | | 1-3 Years | | 3-5 Years | | 5 Years |
India operating lease obligation | | $ | 1,322 |
| | $ | 440 |
| | $ | 882 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Through September 30, 2017, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
Critical Accounting Policies, Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. These estimates form the basis for judgments we make about the carrying values of our assets and liabilities, which are not readily apparent from other sources. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Except for our textbook library, there have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We no longer consider our textbook library to be part of our critical accounting policies and estimates as we no longer have a balance as of March 31, 2017.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For relevant recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1-Background and Basis of Presentation of our accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, "Financial Statements (unaudited)" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
There have been no material changes in our market risk during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the disclosures in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
| |
(a) | Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures |
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report.
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Based on management’s evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to, and are effective to, provide assurance at a reasonable level that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
| |
(b) | Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting |
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, third parties may assert patent infringement claims against us in the form of letters, litigation or other forms of communication. In addition, we may from time to time be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, including claims of alleged infringement of trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights; employment claims; and general contract or other claims. We may also, from time to time be subject to various legal or government claims, disputes, or investigations. Such matters may include, but not be limited to, claims, disputes or investigations related to warranty, refund, breach of contract, employment, intellectual property, government regulation or compliance or other matters.
We are not aware of any other pending legal matters or claims, individually or in the aggregate, that are expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, our analysis of whether a claim may proceed to litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, nor can the results of litigation be predicted with certainty. Nevertheless, defending any of these actions, regardless of the outcome, may be costly, time consuming, distract management personnel and have a negative effect on our business. An adverse outcome in any of these actions, including a judgment or settlement, may cause a material adverse effect on our future business, operating results and/or financial condition.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The risks and uncertainties set forth below, as well as other risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q including in our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” or in other filings by Chegg with the SEC, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that are not currently believed by us to be material may also harm our business operations and financial results. Because of the following risks and uncertainties, as well as other factors affecting our financial condition and operating results, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our limited operating history, recent business model transition and evolving digital offerings make it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.
Although we began our operations in July 2005, we did not launch our online print textbook rental business until 2007 or begin generating revenues at scale from print textbook rentals until 2010. We began transitioning to a new model for our Required Materials product line in August 2014 through our strategic partnership with Ingram to accelerate our transition away from the more capital intensive aspects of the print textbook rental