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WGC Vodcast Gold As A Tactical Inflation Hedge And Long-Term Strategic Asset Transcript and Power
Point Presentation posted on www.spdrgoldshares.com
WGC Vodcast transcription:
Slide 1: Welcome to the World Gold Councils Vodcast examining the role that gold can play both as
a tactical hedge against inflation and as a long-term or strategic asset, even in a low to medium
inflation environment. The findings are based on a new WGC research paper, entitled Gold as a
Tactical Inflation Hedge and Long-term strategic asset, a full copy of the report can be
downloaded from the research section of WGCs website, at www.gold.org.
Slide 3: Begin by explaining the rationale and motivation for this research note.
We will then examine golds historical relationship with inflation. After which we will look at how
gold compares to other traditional inflation hedges as a strategic or long-term asset.
In order to do this we will compare each asset on three basis; real returns, volatility and
correlation with other mainstream financial assets. We will then combine all three investment
traits, using a portfolio optimizer to see which of the traditional inflation hedges has best
enhanced the risk-adjusted returns of a typical US investor in a low to medium inflation
environment.
Slide 4: 2009 has seen a growing number of investors express concern over the prospect of a
resurgence in inflation. Their fears emanate aggressive policy responses that have been put in
place around the world to deal with the financial crisis, alongside tentative signs that the worst
of the recession might be behind us.
The Fed for its part lowered interest rates from 5.25% in mid-2007 to effectively zero and
instigating an unprecedented quantitative easing (QE) program, Since the beginning of the financial
crisis in August 2007 through to the end of May 2009, the Fed expanded its balance sheet from US
$869 billion to over US$2 trillion.
Slide 5: These actions have been echoed around the globe. The Bank of England, Bank of Japan, Swiss
National Bank and even the notoriously cautious European Central Bank have all cut interest rates
sharply and embraced QE in one way or another.
But with signs that the worst of the global recession might be behind us, investors are growing
concerned about Central Banks exit strategies.
Might those banks leave interest rates too low for too long? They will be keen to avoid the
criticisms levied at the Japanese authorities in the 1990s, who were widely blamed for not doing
enough to stave off deflation and reversing some of their policy actions too quickly. But central
banks are walking a fine line. Pumping too much
money into the world economy for too long, risks making todays solution into tomorrows problem: a
sharp rise in inflation.
Slide 6: If inflation is on the horizon it raises important questions for portfolio managers, as
traditional assets like fixed-income bonds and equities are not known for their outperformance
during high-inflation years. Investors instead tend to flock to real assets or assets that are
specifically designed to track inflation. The four most commonly purchased inflation hedges are
arguably: gold, commodities in general, real estate and inflation-linked bonds.
A cursory glance at golds performance in the years since 1972, before which time the price of gold
was fixed, shows an intuitive relationship between changes in the gold price and changes in the US
consumer price index, peaks in the gold price tend to lead peaks in the CPI.
Slide 7: Golds historical relationship with inflation can also be illustrated by contrasting the
performance of the gold price during high inflation years with its performance in moderate and low
inflation periods. Between 1974 and 2008, there were 8 years when US inflation was high which for
the purposes of our paper, we define as an inflation rate of 5% or over there were 21 years where
US inflation was moderate defined as an inflation rate of between 2% and 4.9% and 6 years where
inflation was low or below 2%. In the low and moderate inflation years gold posted only mildly
positive real returns, but in the high inflation years gold rose by an average of 14.9% in real
terms.
Nonetheless, some investors may be reluctant to add an inflation hedge to their portfolio at this
stage. After all, annual inflation is currently in negative territory and there are equally
compelling reasons for inflation to remain low, not least the high levels of indebtedness that
still exist in the household sector.
This leads us to ask whether any of the traditional inflation hedges can demonstrably enhance
investors risk-adjusted returns, even in a low to medium inflation environment.
Slide 8: We examine golds performance versus the Goldman-Sachs commodities index, Bloombergs Real
Estate Investment Trust index and Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, we compare each asset on
the basis of real returns, volatility and in their correlation to other mainstream financial
assets.
The lack of a uniform start date for each of the time series meant we had to conduct the analysis
over three distinct periods: 1974-2009, 1993-2009 and 1997-2009, however in many ways this was
desirable as it helped to reduce any period dependency bias within the results.
Slide 9: We chose the starting date of 1974 for gold and commodities in general. A longer time
series was available for both assets, but prior to this date, movements in the gold price were
constrained by the existence of a two-tier market in gold that followed the United States closure
of the gold window. It was not until November of that year that the two-tier system was finally
abandoned. The inclusion of data prior to 1974 would, therefore, have distorted golds return
assumptions. Bloomberg REITS data became available in 1993 and the first TIPS were issued in 1997.
In the first period, between January 1974 and May 2009, the annualized real return in the gold
price was 2.0% while the annualized real return in the S&P GSCI was 2.8%. Over the second period,
gold posted an annualized real return of 3.6%, while the S&P GSCI rose by 2.1%. REITs were the
worst performer, declining by an annualized 2.1% in real terms. In the final period, between March
1997 and May 2009, gold was the best performer, rising by an annualized 5.9% in real terms compared
with a 0.2% increase in the S&P GSCI, a 3.8% decline in BB REITs and a 3.7% increase in TIPS.
Not surprisingly, TIPS showed the lowest volatility since inception6.2% between March 1997 and May
2009. However, gold consistently delivered a lower average volatility throughout the three periods
relative to the S&P GSCI and BB REITs. In the periods from 1993 and 1997 to date, golds volatility
was significantly lower; about 30% less than the others.
Slide 10: Of the four potential inflation hedges, gold proved to be the most effective portfolio
diversifier against the assets held by a typical US investor, although the S&P GSCI came a very
close second. In the first period, neither gold nor the S&P GSCI showed a statistically significant
correlation with any of the major asset classes that were available from 1974 onwards, mainly US
Treasury bonds, global corporate bonds, the MSCI US Index and the MSCI World index, excluding the
US.
Slide 11: For the second and third periods we included the additional assets that had become common
in US investors portfolios by that time; namely, emerging market bonds, high yield bonds, and
emerging market equities.
The most noteworthy outcome from the second period was the poor performance of BB REITs as a
diversifier. The index exhibited a correlation of over 0.4% with each of the equity indices (MSCI
EM, MSCI World ex US Index and MSCI US), as well as strong relationship with high yield bonds. Gold
had the lowest correlation, an average of 0.14% with the other assets, while the S&P GSCI had an
average correlation of 0.2.
Slide 12: In the final period, when we introduced TIPS, they not surprisingly exhibited the
strongest of any correlations, almost 0.7% with Treasuries and corporate bonds. But it was BB REITs
that once again proved the worst diversifier, exhibiting an average correlation of 0.4% with the
other assets, compared with 0.3% for TIPS. Gold and the S&P GSCI both showed an average correlation
of 0.17 with the other assets. In summary, gold proved a far superior diversifier to either TIPS or
BB REITs, but only a marginally better diversifier than the S&P GSCI.
Slide 13: We then analyzed each inflation hedge in the context of portfolio optimization. We used
the historical performance of US Treasury bonds, global corporate bonds, the MSCI US Index and the
MSCI World index ex US Index, as a benchmark for an investors portfolio. Then, using the
Resampled Efficiency Optimization developed by Michaud and Michaud, we examined the expected
efficient frontier produced by those four basic assets. Subsequently, gold was added to the mix
and the frontier was recomputed. Then gold was removed and replaced by the S&P GSCI to produce a
third efficient frontier. The study went on, when data permitted, to look at the impact of
including REITs and TIPS.
In two of the three historical scenarios, gold proved more effective than commodities, real estate
and TIPS at achieving both the maximum reward-risk
portfolio and the minimum-variance portfolio. The required allocation to gold in the portfolio mix
to attain the minimum variance ranged from 4.0 to 6.3%, while the allocation required to achieve
the maximum reward-risk ranged from 7.0% to 9.9%. But because historical returns may not be enough
to assess the effectiveness of the proposed inflation hedges, we conducted a portfolio optimization
based on projected returns combined with historical estimates for the covariance structure.
In this optimization we used conservative real return projections for the four inflation-hedge
assets to construct a baseline scenario for low- to medium inflation.
Namely, we assumed 2.0% real
returns for gold, commodities and REITs and 4% for TIPS.
Slide 14: As seen on this chart, in the projected scenario, gold once again proved the asset more
likely to help investors achieve the maximum reward-risk portfolio, based on a 6.9% allocation to
gold. TIPS came a close second and the S&P GSCI somewhat behind.
Slide 15: Including TIPS produced the minimum variance portfolio by switching out of Treasuries,
but the risk-return structure was not as appealing, this is because TIPS are highly and positively
correlated with Treasuries and corporate bonds and therefore do not offer the same diversification
benefits as either gold or commodities. In other words, an investor needs to sacrifice more return
to achieve that lower variance with TIPS than they would with gold.
Slide 16: Lastly, we ran a portfolio optimization for the case of an investor who already has an
allocation to TIPS. We found that adding gold to such a portfolio is still beneficial, as the
investor would take advantage of the diversification properties of gold to obtain lower potential
variance and higher reward per unit of risk. The optimal allocation to gold in this case varies
from 7.6% to 3.5% in the minimum variance and maximum reward/risk portfolio, respectively.
Slide 17: To summarize, in two of the three historical scenarios, gold proved more effective than
commodities, real estate and TIPS, in achieving both the maximum reward-risk and the
minimum-variance portfolio. The required allocation to gold in the portfolio mix to attain minimum
variance ranged from 4.0 to 6.3%, while the allocation required to achieve the maximum reward-risk
ranged from 7-9.9%
A 6.9% allocation to gold produced the highest risk-reward portfolio in the forecast scenario,
while an allocation to TIPS produced the lowest minimum variance portfolio. We also found a
strategic case for gold in the portfolio of an investor that already hold TIPS due to the addition
or diversification benefits gold brings to a portfolio.
Thus, including gold in a portfolio can help to enhance risk adjusted returns, even in a low to
medium inflation environment. Due principally to the benefits of diversification, yet at the same
time it can give an investor the peace of mind that they have an asset in their portfolio that
history suggests should perform well if inflation does accelerate.
For more information on SPDR gold shares, please visit www.spdrgoldshares.com.
"GOLD AS A TACTICAL INFLATION
HEDGE AND LONG-TERM
STRATEGIC ASSET"
WGC Vodcast, August 2009
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Disclaimer
The information and opinions contained in this presentation
have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable,
but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is
made that such information is accurate or complete and it
should not be relied upon as such. This presentation does
not purport to make any recommendation or provide
investment advice to the effect that any gold related
transaction is appropriate for all investment objectives,
financial situations or particular needs. Prior to making any
investment decisions investors should seek advice from their
advisers on whether any part of this presentation is
appropriate to their specific circumstances. This
presentation is not, and should not be construed as, an
offer or solicitation to buy or sell gold or any gold related
products. Expressions of opinion are those of the World
Gold Council only and are subject to change without notice.
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Presentation outline
3
Introduction.
Gold as a tactical inflation hedge.
Gold as a strategic asset versus other traditional
inflation hedges.
Real returns, volatility, correlation and portfolio
optimization.
Conclusion.
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US balance sheet has reached record highs
4
Source: Federal Reserve
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Looming inflation?
The Bank of England, Bank of Japan, Swiss National Bank
and even the notoriously cautious European Central Bank
have all embraced QE in one way or another.
But investors are growing concerned about the exit
strategy. Might central banks leave interest rates too low
for too long?
Pumping too much money into the world economy for
too long risks making today's solution into tomorrow's
problem: a sharp rise in inflation.
5
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Gold and CPI trend together when inflation rises
6
Source: Bloomberg, WGC
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Gold tends to outperform in high inflation years
7
Source: Bloomberg, WGC
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Brief description of the data
8
Gold spot price at 5PM in New York.
S&P Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI).
Bloomberg Real Estate Investment Trust Index (BB REITs)
Barclay's Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities Index (TIPS)
Three time periods:
Jan 1974 to May 2009
Dec 1993 to May 2009
Mar 1997 to May 2009
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Real returns and volatility
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Annualized Real Returns (%) Annualized Real Returns (%) Annualized Real Returns (%)
Period Gold GSCI REITs US TIPS
Jan 1974 - May 2009 2.0 2.8
Dec 1993 - May 2009 3.6 2.1 -2.1
Mar 1997 - May 2009 5.9 -0.2 -3.8 3.7
Annualized Volatility (%)* Annualized Volatility (%)*
Period Gold GSCI REITs US TIPS
Jan 1974 - May 2009 19.5 20.1
Dec 1993 - May 2009 14.7 23.0 21.4
Mar 1997 - May 2009 16.0 25.0 23.4 6.1
*Annualized volatility computed using monthly real returns over the corresponding period. *Annualized volatility computed using monthly real returns over the corresponding period. *Annualized volatility computed using monthly real returns over the corresponding period. *Annualized volatility computed using monthly real returns over the corresponding period. *Annualized volatility computed using monthly real returns over the corresponding period.
Source: World Gold Council
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Historic gold correlations are lower than GSCI
10
Source: Bloomberg, Barclay's, WGC calculations
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Gold has much lower avg. correlations than REITs
11
Source: Bloomberg, Barclay's, WGC calculations
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Gold proved to be a better diversifier (with GSCI)
12
Source: Bloomberg, Barclay's, WGC calculations
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Historic allocation estimates and projected scenario
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Maximum reward-risk minimum-variance portfolio Maximum reward-risk minimum-variance portfolio Maximum reward-risk minimum-variance portfolio Maximum reward-risk minimum-variance portfolio
Period Asset Required Allocation required to achieve maximum reward-risk portfolio (%) Allocation required to achieve minimum-variance portfolio (%)
Jan 1974-May 2009 GSCI 6.9 9.4
Dec 1993-May 2009 Gold 7.0 6.3
Mar 1997-May 2009 Gold 9.9 4.0
Annualized market forecasts Annualized market forecasts Annualized market forecasts
Asset Real return (%)
projection Std Dev (%)
Jan '90-Jun '08 Information ratio*
MSCI US 8.00 13.9 0.576
MSCI ex-US 8.00 14.7 0.544
US Treasuries 4.50 5.0 0.900
Corporates 4.75 5.4 0.880
TIPS 4.00 4.9 0.816
Gold 2.00 13.0 0.154
GSCI 2.00 18.8 0.106
REITS 2.00 14.3 0.140
* Defined as return divided by standard deviation * Defined as return divided by standard deviation
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Gold helps investors achieve max reward-risk
14
Source: World Gold Council
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Gold produced the maximum reward per unit of risk
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Annualized Market Forecasts Annualized Market Forecasts
Asset TIPS
Min Var* Gold
Min Var* Max Reward/Risk**
MSCI US 6.20% 8.10% 10.40%
MSCI ex-US 6.10% 3.80% 8.90%
US Treasuries 38.50% 73.00% 64.50%
Corporates 1.00% 4.80% 9.30%
Gold -- 10.30% 6.90%
TIPS 48.10% -- --
Portfolio Return 4.60% 4.70% 5.10%
Portfolio Volatility 4.30% 4.40% 4.60%
Information Ratio*** 1.05 1.07 1.11
* Portfolio mix that achives the minimum expected volatility
** Portfolio mix that gives the maximum expected return per unit of risk ** Portfolio mix that gives the maximum expected return per unit of risk ** Portfolio mix that gives the maximum expected return per unit of risk
*** Portfolio return divided by portfolio volatility *** Portfolio return divided by portfolio volatility
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Gold is attractive for investors who own TIPS
16
Source: World Gold Council
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Conclusions
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In two of the three historical periods, adding gold to a basic
portfolio helped to achieve both the minimum variance (4-
to 6.3% allocation) and maximum reward per unit of risk (7-
to 9.9% allocation) portfolios
A 6.9% allocation to gold produced the highest reward-risk
portfolio in the projected scenario
Investors who already hold TIPS still benefit by adding gold
(3.5% for minimum variance, 7.6% for maximum reward-risk)
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